![]() India įurther information: Economic history of India The spinning wheel was most likely invented in the Islamic world by the 11th century. Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. Spinning evolved from twisting the fibers by hand, to using a drop spindle, to using a spinning wheel. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibers, however. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The preparation of the fibres differs the most, depending on the fibre used. The cloth is then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fibre, preparing it, converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of Asia and the Americas. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool". John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew in India a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the edges of its branches. Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a plant, noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. The use of flax fiber in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times.ĭuring the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into Northern Europe. In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury. ![]() Neolithic textiles were found in pile dwellings excavations in Switzerland and at El Fayum, Egypt at a site which dates to about 5000 BC. An indistinct textile impression has been found at Pavlov, Moravia. There are some indications that weaving was already known in the Palaeolithic. Main article: Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, being only centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples. Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a specific name. These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute) or the leaf (sisal). Natural fibres are either from animals ( sheep, goat, rabbit, silk-worm) mineral ( asbestos) or from plants ( cotton, flax, sisal). Īrtificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fibre. Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres long. Some examples of synthetic fibers are polyester, rayon, acrylic fibers and microfibers. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. There are five stages of cotton manufacturing: Īrtificial fibres can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret (polymers) into a medium where it hardens. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. Main article: Textile manufacturing Cotton manufacturing Cotton manufacturing processesĬotton is the world's most important natural fibre.
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